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Logistics Glossary
Plain-language definitions of the road freight, cross-border, customs and trade terms used when moving cargo in Zimbabwe and Southern Africa.
57 terms
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A
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Road Freight
Abnormal Load
Cargo, or a vehicle and its cargo, that is larger or heavier than the normal legal limits for dimensions or mass, and so needs a special permit to travel on public roads.
In detail
Machinery, transformers, mining equipment and large structural parts often cannot be broken down into legal-sized loads. Moving them on public roads needs a permit from the road authority, which sets conditions such as the route, travel times, escort vehicles and warning signs.
Planning usually starts with the exact dimensions and weight of the item, then a check of the route for bridges, power lines, road works and tight turns. A lowbed or step-deck trailer is often used to keep the overall height down.
Examples
- An excavator too wide for a standard trailer travels on a lowbed with escort vehicles under an abnormal load permit.
- A transformer whose weight exceeds bridge limits on the direct road is routed over a longer road with stronger bridges.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Every country on the route issues its own abnormal load permit and sets its own conditions, so a cross-border abnormal load needs a permit for each country. In South Africa, abnormal load permits are issued under the National Road Traffic Act and guided by the TRH11 technical recommendations.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Axle Load
The part of a loaded vehicle’s weight carried by one axle or axle group. Road authorities set legal limits per axle to protect road surfaces and bridges.
In detail
A truck can be within its total weight limit and still be illegal if the load sits too far forward or back, because one axle group then carries more than its share. Axle loads are checked on weighbridges, which weigh each axle or axle group separately.
Correct load planning spreads the cargo along the deck so that every axle group stays within its limit. Dense loads such as steel, ore or bagged fertiliser reach axle limits long before the deck is full.
Examples
- A flatdeck carrying steel coils is loaded with the coils spread over the trailer axles rather than grouped behind the truck cab.
- A vehicle stopped at a weighbridge is overloaded on its drive axle even though its gross mass is legal; the load must be shifted or reduced before it continues.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Each country sets its own axle and vehicle mass limits in its road traffic law. SADC member states work towards common limits and overload control under the SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications and Meteorology, but the limits that apply on a trip are those of each country crossed.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
B
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Road Freight
Backhaul
A load carried on the return leg of a trip, so a truck that delivered cargo does not travel home empty.
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Bill of Entry
The formal declaration lodged with customs to enter goods for import, export or another customs procedure. It states what the goods are, their value, origin and tariff code, and the duty due.
In detail
Customs uses the bill of entry to decide whether goods may be released and how much duty and tax is payable. It draws its details from the commercial invoice, packing list, transport document and, where a preference is claimed, the certificate of origin.
Errors in the description, value or tariff code are a common cause of delays, queries and penalties, which is why importers usually lodge the declaration through a licensed clearing agent.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
In Zimbabwe, ZIMRA clears commercial imports on a bill of entry (Form 21) processed in ASYCUDA World. The importer needs a Business Partner Number activated for customs, supporting documents are attached electronically, and goods are collected on a Delivery Release Order once the entry is accepted and duties are paid. In South Africa, SARS processes customs declarations electronically through registered declarants.
Related Wyvern page
Source: ZIMRA, Customs Clearance Procedures. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
Bonded Transit
Moving goods under customs control with duties and taxes suspended, secured by a bond or guarantee, until they leave the country or reach a bonded warehouse.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Warehousing & Distribution
Bonded Warehouse
A warehouse licensed and controlled by customs where imported goods can be stored with duties and taxes suspended until they are released for local use or re-exported.
In detail
Duty becomes payable only when goods leave the bonded warehouse for home use, and only on the quantity released. Goods that are re-exported from bond normally pay no import duty in that country.
Movements in and out of bond are recorded and declared to customs, and the warehouse operator is responsible to customs for the goods held.
Example
- An importer stores a full container of spare parts in bond and clears a few cartons at a time as customers order them, spreading the duty payments.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Bonded warehouses are licensed by the customs authority in each country: ZIMRA in Zimbabwe and SARS in South Africa.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
Border Post
An official crossing point between two countries where customs, immigration and other agencies check people, vehicles and goods. For road freight it is where export and import formalities meet.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cargo & Equipment
Break Bulk
Cargo moved as separate pieces such as crates, bags, coils or machinery, rather than in containers or as loose bulk.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cargo & Equipment
Bulk Cargo
Unpackaged cargo loaded loose, such as grain, ore, coal, sand or fuel, usually carried in tippers, bulk trailers or tankers.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
C
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Supply Chain
Cargo Insurance
Insurance that covers loss of or damage to goods while they are being transported or stored in transit. It is separate from the carrier’s limited liability and from vehicle insurance.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Supply Chain
Carrier
The company that physically moves the goods, such as a road haulier operating trucks, and is responsible for them while they are in its care.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Certificate of Origin COO
A document that states the country where goods were produced. A preferential certificate lets the importer claim a lower or zero duty under a trade agreement.
In detail
Origin is not where the goods were shipped from but where they were wholly produced or last substantially transformed, as defined by the rules of origin in each trade agreement.
A non-preferential certificate simply proves origin, for example when a buyer or a letter of credit asks for it. A preferential certificate must meet the specific rules of the agreement being used and be issued by an authorised body.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Goods that meet the SADC Rules of Origin qualify for a SADC certificate of origin, which supports reduced duty within the SADC Free Trade Area. Each member state registers its issuing authorities and their stamps with the SADC Secretariat, and SADC has introduced an electronic certificate. Zimbabwe is also a COMESA member, and COMESA trade uses its own certificate.
Related Wyvern page
Source: SADC, Rules of Origin Exporters Guide. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Clearing Agent
A business licensed by the customs authority to prepare and lodge customs declarations on behalf of importers and exporters and to deal with customs for them.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: ZIMRA, Customs Clearance Procedures. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cargo & Equipment
Cold Chain
An unbroken sequence of temperature-controlled storage and transport that keeps products such as food, vaccines and medicines within a set temperature range from origin to delivery.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
COMESA Yellow Card
A regional third-party motor insurance certificate for vehicles travelling between COMESA member countries. It is bought in the home country and checked at borders.
In detail
The Yellow Card covers third-party liability in the participating countries a vehicle enters, and medical cover for occupants of a foreign vehicle involved in an accident. It saves drivers from buying separate local insurance at every border.
It is motor insurance for the vehicle. It does not insure the cargo; goods in transit need their own cargo insurance.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Zimbabwe is part of the scheme and has introduced a digital system to check whether a Yellow Card is valid. South Africa is not a COMESA member, so trips into South Africa follow South African insurance rules.
Related terms
Source: The Herald, Zimbabwe launches digital COMESA Yellow Card verification. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Commercial Invoice
The seller’s invoice to the buyer listing the goods, quantities, prices, currency and terms of sale. Customs relies on it to value the goods and calculate duty.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Supply Chain
Consignee
The party named to receive the goods at destination. It is often the buyer, but not always.
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Supply Chain
Consignor
The party that sends the goods and hands them to the carrier, usually the seller or the seller’s agent.
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Warehousing & Distribution
Consolidation
Combining several smaller shipments, often from different shippers, into one larger load to make better use of a truck or container and lower the cost per item.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
Cross-Border Road Transport Permit
Official permission for a transport operator to carry goods for reward by road between countries, issued under national law and the transport agreements between those countries.
In detail
Countries control which foreign and local operators may carry freight across their borders. A cross-border permit is linked to the operator and usually to the vehicles it uses, and it is separate from the customs documents for the cargo itself.
Requirements differ by country and by the agreement in place between the two countries on a route, so the operator checks the permit position for every country it enters or crosses.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
In South Africa the Cross-Border Road Transport Act 4 of 1998 requires a permit for cross-border road freight transport, and permits are handled through the Cross-Border Road Transport Agency (C-BRTA). Freight in transit through South Africa is included in the Act’s scope. Zimbabwe and other SADC states apply their own permit rules and bilateral agreements.
Related terms
Source: Cross-Border Road Transport Act 4 of 1998 (South Africa). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Warehousing & Distribution
Cross-Docking
Unloading goods from an incoming vehicle and loading them straight onto outgoing vehicles, with little or no time in storage.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Customs Clearance
The process of declaring goods to customs, paying any duties and taxes, and getting the goods released for import, export or transit.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Customs Duty
A tax charged on imported goods, usually a percentage of their customs value and set by the HS code. Import VAT and other levies are often charged alongside it.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
D
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Cargo & Equipment
Dangerous Goods DG
Substances and articles that can harm people, property or the environment in transport, such as fuels, gases, corrosives and some chemicals, and that must be classified, packed and labelled under special rules.
In detail
Dangerous goods are classified under the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods into nine classes, for example flammable liquids, gases and corrosive substances. Each product has a UN number that identifies it in transport documents and on vehicle placards.
The shipper must declare the goods correctly and supply a safety data sheet. Packaging, labels, vehicle markings, driver training and emergency information then follow the road rules of each country on the route.
Example
- A load of fertiliser chemicals travels with its safety data sheets, the correct UN numbers on the documents and the matching hazard placards on the vehicle.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Road transport of dangerous goods is regulated nationally, so a cross-border load must meet the rules of every country it enters. Some products also need import or export permits from the relevant authority.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: UNECE, UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Trade & Incoterms
Delivered at Place DAP
An Incoterms® rule under which the seller arranges transport to a named destination and bears the risk until the goods arrive there, ready for unloading. The buyer handles import clearance and duties.
Source: ICC, Incoterms® rules. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Trade & Incoterms
Delivered Duty Paid DDP
An Incoterms® rule under which the seller delivers to the named destination cleared for import, with duties and taxes paid, carrying the most cost and risk of any rule.
Related terms
Source: ICC, Incoterms® rules. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Supply Chain
Demurrage and Detention
Charges for keeping a shipping container beyond the free time allowed: demurrage while it stays in the port or terminal, detention while it is outside the terminal and not yet returned. Lines and terminals define them in their own tariffs.
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cargo & Equipment
Dunnage
Loose material such as timber, airbags or boards placed around and under cargo to fill gaps, spread weight and stop movement in a trailer or container.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
E
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Road Freight
Empty Running
Distance a truck travels without cargo, for example returning from a delivery with no backhaul. It adds cost and fuel use without moving goods.
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Trade & Incoterms
Ex Works EXW
An Incoterms® rule under which the seller only makes the goods available at its own premises. The buyer handles loading, export and import formalities, transport and all risk from that point.
Related terms
Source: ICC, Incoterms® rules. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
F
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Trade & Incoterms
Free Carrier FCA
An Incoterms® rule under which the seller clears the goods for export and hands them to the buyer’s carrier at a named place. Risk passes to the buyer at that point.
Related terms
Source: ICC, Incoterms® rules. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Supply Chain
Freight Forwarder
A company that organises the movement of goods for a shipper: booking carriers, arranging documents and coordinating the steps of a shipment, often across several modes and borders.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Full Truckload FTL
A shipment that uses a whole truck or trailer for one customer, so the vehicle runs from loading point to delivery point without other customers’ goods on board.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
G
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Road Freight
Gross Vehicle Mass GVM
The total weight of a vehicle with its load, fuel and crew. For a truck pulling one or more trailers, the combined figure is the gross combination mass (GCM).
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
H
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Customs & Documentation
HS Code HS
The international product code from the World Customs Organization’s Harmonized System. Customs use it to classify goods and to set the duty, permits and statistics that apply.
In detail
The Harmonized System groups goods into chapters, headings and subheadings. The first six digits are common to every country that uses the system; national tariffs add further digits for their own duty rates and controls.
The code drives the duty rate, whether an import permit or licence is needed, and which rule of origin applies when a trade preference is claimed. Two similar products can carry very different duties, so classification follows the WCO rules of interpretation rather than the product name alone.
The WCO updates the system every few years. HS 2022 is the edition in use, and the next edition, HS 2028, takes effect on 1 January 2028.
Example
- A shipment of tractors and a shipment of tractor spare parts sit under different headings and may attract different duty rates.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
ZIMRA and SARS each publish a national tariff built on the six-digit HS code. Because tariffs change, the code and rate are checked against the tariff in force on the date of import.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: World Customs Organization, HS Nomenclature 2028 Edition. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
I
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Trade & Incoterms
Incoterms®
A set of eleven three-letter trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce. Each one states where the seller delivers, when risk passes to the buyer, and who pays which costs.
In detail
Incoterms® rules are written into a sales contract with a named place, for example “FCA Harare” or “DAP Lusaka”, and the edition used, such as Incoterms® 2020. The current edition has eleven rules.
Seven rules work for any mode of transport, including road: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DPU and DDP. Four are for sea and inland waterway transport only: FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF.
Incoterms® rules decide delivery, risk, costs and who handles export and import clearance. They do not decide when ownership of the goods passes, how or when the price is paid, or what happens if the contract is broken; those belong in the sales contract itself.
Examples
- Under DAP Lusaka, the seller arranges and pays for carriage to Lusaka and bears the risk until the truck arrives there ready for unloading; the buyer handles import clearance and duties in Zambia.
- Under EXW Harare, the buyer collects from the seller’s premises and takes on almost every cost and risk from that point, including export formalities.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Road freight inside Southern Africa normally uses the any-mode rules such as FCA, CPT and DAP. FOB and CIF apply when goods are handed over on board a ship, for example at Beira or Durban, not to a truck.
Related terms
Source: ICC, Incoterms® rules. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Interlink
A truck pulling two semi-trailers coupled one behind the other by a fifth wheel on the first trailer. The term is common in Southern Africa; elsewhere it is called a B-double or B-train.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
L
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Warehousing & Distribution
Last-Mile Delivery
The final leg of a delivery, from a depot or hub to the customer’s door or site.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Less Than Truckload LTL
A shipment too small to fill a vehicle, carried on a truck that also carries other customers’ goods. Each customer pays for the space or weight their cargo uses.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Load Securing
Fixing cargo to the vehicle with straps, chains, blocking or dunnage so it cannot slide, tip or fall during braking, cornering or rough road.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cargo & Equipment
Lowbed Trailer
A trailer with a deck set close to the ground, used for tall or heavy items such as earthmoving machinery so the overall height stays within limits.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
O
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Cross-Border Transport
One-Stop Border Post OSBP
A border post where the officials of both countries work in one shared facility, so travellers and trucks stop once in each direction instead of at two separate posts.
In detail
At a conventional border a truck clears exit formalities on one side, crosses, and then queues again for entry formalities on the other side. At a one-stop border post the agencies of both countries sit together, so the exit and entry checks are done in one place for each direction of travel.
Fewer stops can mean shorter queues, but clearance still depends on complete, correct documents and on the cargo being ready for inspection.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
Chirundu, on the Zambezi between Zimbabwe and Zambia on the North–South Corridor, is widely cited as Africa’s first one-stop border post. Other borders in the region still work as two separate posts.
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
P
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Customs & Documentation
Packing List
A document that shows how a shipment is packed: the number of packages, what each contains, and their weights and dimensions. It is used for loading, inspection and checking delivery.
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Warehousing & Distribution
Palletisation
Packing goods onto pallets so they can be moved by forklift, stacked, counted and secured as single units rather than handled carton by carton.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Payload
The weight of cargo a vehicle can legally carry: the permitted gross vehicle mass minus the weight of the empty vehicle, fuel and crew.
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Customs & Documentation
Proof of Delivery POD
The signed record that goods were delivered: who received them, when, and whether anything was short or damaged. It usually closes the shipment for invoicing.
R
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Cargo & Equipment
Reefer
A refrigerated trailer or container with its own cooling unit, used to keep chilled or frozen cargo at a set temperature during transport.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Supply Chain
Reverse Logistics
Moving goods back from the customer or site, for returns, repairs, recycling or the return of empty packaging and equipment.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Road Freight
Route Survey
A check of the planned road route before a large or heavy load moves, covering clearances, bridge limits, bends, gradients, road works and places where the vehicle can stop safely.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
S
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Cargo & Equipment
Skeletal Trailer
A trailer built as a bare frame with twist-locks to carry shipping containers, which themselves form the load body.
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
Southern African Development Community SADC
The regional community of Southern African states, Zimbabwe and South Africa among them, which runs a free trade area and works on common transport and customs rules.
Source: SADC, Rules of Origin Exporters Guide. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
T
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Cargo & Equipment
Tautliner
A trailer with a roof and sliding canvas side curtains, so pallets can be loaded from the side by forklift while the cargo stays covered on the road.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Warehousing & Distribution
Third-Party Logistics 3PL
Handing logistics work such as storage, picking, packing and transport to an outside provider instead of running it in-house.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
Transit Cargo
Goods that pass through a country on their way to another country, without being imported into the country they cross.
In detail
Transit goods are not released for use in the country they cross, so duties and taxes there are normally suspended. In return, customs controls the movement: the goods follow an approved route, keep their seals and leave through the stated exit border.
The duty that would be payable is usually secured by a bond or guarantee lodged by the carrier or the clearing agent. If the goods do not exit as declared, customs can claim against that security.
Examples
- Copper from Zambia crosses Zimbabwe to reach a South African port; Zimbabwe treats it as transit cargo from Chirundu to Beitbridge.
- Fertiliser landed at Beira crosses Zimbabwe on its way to Zambia under a transit declaration.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
ZIMRA introduced electronic seals for transit cargo in 2017 under its Electronic Cargo Tracking System, which reports the seal and route status of transit loads from entry to exit. Check current ZIMRA notices for the requirements that apply to a specific load.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: The Herald, ZIMRA cargo tracking system reporting (2017). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cross-Border Transport
Transport Corridor
A main route, often road and rail together, that links ports, borders and economic centres across several countries, such as the North–South Corridor or the Beira Corridor.
Related terms
Related Wyvern page
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
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Cargo & Equipment
Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit TEU
The standard measure of container capacity: one 20-foot container is one TEU and one 40-foot container is two TEU (one FEU).
Related terms
Source: General industry usage (Wyvern editorial definition). Reviewed 26 October 2026.
W
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Customs & Documentation
Waybill
The transport document that travels with a road consignment. It names the consignor, consignee and carrier, describes the goods and records receipt by the carrier.
In detail
The waybill is evidence that the carrier received the goods and of the terms on which they are carried. The waybill or consignment number is also the reference used to follow a shipment and to match it with invoices.
Unlike an ocean bill of lading, a road waybill is not a document of title: the goods are delivered to the named consignee, and holding the waybill does not give ownership of the cargo.
Example
- At delivery, the consignee signs the waybill copy to confirm receipt, and that signed copy becomes the proof of delivery.
In Zimbabwe and the SADC region
In Europe the road consignment note follows the CMR Convention. Southern African carriers use their own waybill or consignment note formats, and ZIMRA lists the consignment note among the supporting documents for an import declaration.
Related terms
Source: ZIMRA, Customs Clearance Procedures. Reviewed 26 October 2026.
Definitions explain general usage and are not legal or customs advice. Rules and tariffs change, so check the current requirements with the relevant authority before you ship.
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